How do different background influence workplace communication and Assignment

How do different background influence workplace communication and understanding - Assignment Example These rely on clearly spelling out rules, instructions, expectations and directions. A lot of importance is connected with following instructions to the letter. High-context communications rely on interpersonal relationships with fellow workmates in order to bring out societal expectations and rules. In other words, high-context communications rely on other people to direct them. With high-context communication, the employees expect the supervisors to enforce important rules personally. In workplaces where there are employees from both high and low context communication backgrounds, interpersonal communications may prove to be difficult, and the following up of instructions as they are intended may be extremely poor. Employees from cultures accustomed to high-context communications benefit more from fellow employees or supervisors direct instruction while employees accustomed to low-context communications can simply absorb the instructions from written materials such as training manuals just as

Pa. Landlord Tenant Act of 1951 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pa. Landlord Tenant Act of 1951 - Essay Example Nor is a lease simply a right to occupy premises in many situations, the tenant is entitled, by contract or statute, to receive a package of services from the landlord, such as the right to have the property well maintained and heated. For landlords, although the lease generally serves to be a source of wealth, there may be other considerations that influence the landlord's behavior such as good management practices, whether for welfares or commercial motives, some landlords may be more ruthless in their treatment of tenants, seeking to maximize profit and minimize management costs. In some situations the law has, therefore, had to intervene to promote minimum standards of behavior and to protect tenants from exploitation and eviction. Long leases have been used for selling both houses and flats. Historically, long leasehold sales were used for housing developments, originally under the building lease system and more recently by landlords with a long-term perspective on investment. Since the 1950s it has been increasingly common for flats to be purpose-built for sale on long leases and for existing buildings to be converted into flats. (Bright, 1995) Blocks built for rental in earlier times have been broken up for long leasehold sales and many of these buildings now contain flats of mixed tenure, some rental and some long leasehold. Typically, leases are granted for terms of 99 years, sometimes 999 years and sold at a substantial premium, with a low ground rent being reserved. The major reason why these flats are sold on a leasehold, rather than freehold, basis is due to the problems of enforcing freehold covenants. Sometimes leases have clauses and terms in them that cannot be enforced. For example, you cannot legally sign away your right to a decent place to live. The tenant cannot be made responsible for all repairs or repairs that cost under a certain amount of money. According to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Pugh v. Holmes, the landlord must maintain everything for which the tenant is paying rent. Similarly, the tenant cannot be made to take a house or an apartment as is.Regardless of any agreement you make with the landlord, it is the landlord's responsibility to keep the property up to Housing Code Standards. (lease, 2006a) Fixed Term lease This is a lease for a fixed period of time 'for five months', or 'for 99 years'. It does not matter that the lease might be brought to an end before the expiry of the fixed term; for example, where the landlord has the right to forfeit the lease if the tenant fails to pay rent, or if the tenant has the benefit of a 'break clause' by which he is given the right in a 25year lease to break it at the end of five years. Nor does the fixed term have to be a single continuous period. As there is no need for the lease to be 'in possession', it is possible to have 'reversionary leases' that take effect at a future date. By the Law of Property Act 1925, s 149 (3) however, it must take effect within 21 years otherwise it is void. The fixed term will automatically end when the term finishes and there is no need to serve any notice to end the lease. Periodic Tenancies A periodic tenancy is one, which is for a period, and

The Human Edge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Human Edge - Essay Example This is done by reducing the effects of the bad mutation on human species. For example, there is a treatment of PKU with a diet with low levels of phenylalanine (Palca 1). This means such individuals can reproduce and thus pass the defective genes to the subsequent generation. This makes it difficult to eliminate defective genes in the population. On the other hand, human beings have made advances in science that helps in overcoming disadvantageous mutations. For example, the problem of poor eyesight has been resolved by wearing eyeglasses, and contact lenses (Palca 1). This helps in overcoming problems faced by the ancestors. Consequently, man has managed to defy nature as he can routinely repair, remove or even insert genes on people. The characteristics have given the â€Å"Human Edge† in different ways. First, the ability of the human to modify the conditions provided a favorable way to have the â€Å"Human Edge†. This is because as the environment became unfavorable, human managed to change it to make it favorable for survival. This gave human an advantage as compared to other species and hence managed to survive and reproduce. On the other hand, other species were exterminated due to poor environment. This means they failed to produce and have subsequent generations. Second, the ability to maintain harmful mutations helped in reproducing without elimination of the species. This is because if defective genes are not regulated, they lead to eradication of species. However, human has managed to overcome this through the development of science. He can establish a specific gene that pose a risk to survival and adopts ways of minimizing risks. Therefore, human can survive even in the presence of a def ective gene in the population. The other thing that gives human a competitive advantage is the ability to overcome deleterious mutation. This is because unhealthy mutation makes one not

Pa. Landlord Tenant Act of 1951 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pa. Landlord Tenant Act of 1951 - Essay Example Nor is a lease simply a right to occupy premises in many situations, the tenant is entitled, by contract or statute, to receive a package of services from the landlord, such as the right to have the property well maintained and heated. For landlords, although the lease generally serves to be a source of wealth, there may be other considerations that influence the landlord's behavior such as good management practices, whether for welfares or commercial motives, some landlords may be more ruthless in their treatment of tenants, seeking to maximize profit and minimize management costs. In some situations the law has, therefore, had to intervene to promote minimum standards of behavior and to protect tenants from exploitation and eviction. Long leases have been used for selling both houses and flats. Historically, long leasehold sales were used for housing developments, originally under the building lease system and more recently by landlords with a long-term perspective on investment. Since the 1950s it has been increasingly common for flats to be purpose-built for sale on long leases and for existing buildings to be converted into flats. (Bright, 1995) Blocks built for rental in earlier times have been broken up for long leasehold sales and many of these buildings now contain flats of mixed tenure, some rental and some long leasehold. Typically, leases are granted for terms of 99 years, sometimes 999 years and sold at a substantial premium, with a low ground rent being reserved. The major reason why these flats are sold on a leasehold, rather than freehold, basis is due to the problems of enforcing freehold covenants. Sometimes leases have clauses and terms in them that cannot be enforced. For example, you cannot legally sign away your right to a decent place to live. The tenant cannot be made responsible for all repairs or repairs that cost under a certain amount of money. According to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Pugh v. Holmes, the landlord must maintain everything for which the tenant is paying rent. Similarly, the tenant cannot be made to take a house or an apartment as is.Regardless of any agreement you make with the landlord, it is the landlord's responsibility to keep the property up to Housing Code Standards. (lease, 2006a) Fixed Term lease This is a lease for a fixed period of time 'for five months', or 'for 99 years'. It does not matter that the lease might be brought to an end before the expiry of the fixed term; for example, where the landlord has the right to forfeit the lease if the tenant fails to pay rent, or if the tenant has the benefit of a 'break clause' by which he is given the right in a 25year lease to break it at the end of five years. Nor does the fixed term have to be a single continuous period. As there is no need for the lease to be 'in possession', it is possible to have 'reversionary leases' that take effect at a future date. By the Law of Property Act 1925, s 149 (3) however, it must take effect within 21 years otherwise it is void. The fixed term will automatically end when the term finishes and there is no need to serve any notice to end the lease. Periodic Tenancies A periodic tenancy is one, which is for a period, and

Discipline and Management Essay Example for Free

Discipline and Management Essay Included in this essay is a comparison between discipline and management also behavior and misbehavior. Beginning the essay is a short definition and a short word picture of discipline, management, behavior and misbehavior. Next is a comparison of how each are different, similar, related. Discipline is described in the Merriam-Webster online dictionary as first being â€Å"punishment† or then further down states it is â€Å"training that corrects, molds, or perfects the mental faculties or moral character. † In our text book, Building Classroom Discipline, C. M. Charles states that discipline in the classroom is â€Å"Teachers’ efforts to maintain classroom decorum and secure student’ cooperation and exercising self-control. † Discipline should not be thought of as punishment but instead a learning road of self-control. Discipline is a person’s ability to conduct appropriately or a short word picture could be[pic]. With in the classroom, management is a written plan of action so that class runs smooth. Webster dictionary describes management as â€Å"conducting or supervising of something†. Management is the process of controlling and discipline is the act once management has failed. Management and discipline are interrelated and work together to for a common plan and a smooth ran class. If there was no [pic] (management) designed the discipline would not work. Webster’s dictionary states that behavior is â€Å"the manner of conducting oneself†. Behavior described in our text book Building Classroom Discipline â€Å"is the totality of one’s physical and mental activities. † Behavior is everything that we do whether good or bad. One word that best describes this is[pic]. Misbehavior is considered as a person’s actions â€Å"that disrupt teaching, interfere with learning, demean others, or otherwise violate the moral codes of society. † (C. M. Charles 2008 p13) In Webster’s dictionary they describe misbehavior as â€Å"a bad manner of conducting one self. † Both of the terms are related however [pic] (misbehavior) is the disruption of behavior as a whole. Behavior is the bigger picture and misbehavior is a smaller unit within behavior. The two are interrelated and you can not have one with out the other. With the appropriate action taken in advance misbehavior could be minimized. There are different types of misbehavior and some are more serious than others but none of the less takes away from instruction. This is why it is very important to have a discipline plan devised. In the above essay is a comparison between discipline and management also behavior and misbehavior. Beginning the essay is a short definition and a short word picture of discipline, management, behavior and misbehavior. Next is a comparison of how each are different, similar, related. To complete this essay is a short description of why it is important to have a discipline plan.

The History About Sexism Sociology Essay

The History About Sexism Sociology Essay Sexism is a belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to hatred or distrust towards either gender as a whole, or creating stereotypes (Britannica Para 1). Instead of considering individual merits, many people base their opinions toward a certain gender, which often lead to biased stereotypes (Blau 57). Women are usually viewed as feeble, weak being in need of support. Throughout the history, the feminist movement fought against such deep-rooted views. As a result, it is apparent that women now have much more political representation and get higher education. The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a small victory; however, the fight to end sexism continues until this day (Blau 64). Even though many people argue that women are now equal to men in the United State, it is not true because explicit sexism is still prevalent in the workplace, media stereotyping can be seen in most places, and gender role reinforceme nts are taught to children. The most obvious form of discrimination is the difference in financial compensation for the same, exact job specification. The Equal Pay Act came into effect in 1975 (Overall 83). It seemed like a huge transformation in the workplace where women were always paid less than their male counterparts. After the Equal Pay Act, it was considered illegal to differentiate the wages for the same work based on gender alone. Starting from the 1980s, the gap between the wages of men and women narrowed significantly. The New Earning Survey in 1980 indicates that on average, men got paid 40% more than women. In 1992, the gap had narrowed even more to 25%; however, there still is a significant wage difference in highflying jobs. (Kowaleski 184). The same survey showed that the hourly wage of women were on an average 70.9% of men in 2009 (Kowaleski 189). One very important problem is that women are usually placed on the lower ladder of work force, meaning it may be very difficult to compare the skill s and the respective salary at the same time. Simple analysis of numeral figures does not take many other factors involved in apparent sexism in modern society. Another area of prolonged sexism in the workplace is the womens chance of getting promoted to executive levels. In terms of sheer number, more women are getting jobs than ever, reaching 46% of the work force; nevertheless, only 3% of women hold chief executive position. The rate of increase in the number of women executives in the last two decades is less than 2% making women still linger on the very bottom of the socioeconomic ladder. With more women getting jobs, it encourages other women who were reluctant to move into the labor market to do the same and become more career minded. Although woman now make up 46% of the work force, only 3% of woman hold chief executive positions. This has only increased by 2% in the last 20 years (Kowaleski 202). Two US reporters writing in The Wall Street Journal coined the term glass ceiling (Blau 157). This type of discrimination varies between countries but in the United States it has legal ramifications. The United Nations has stated, in 2006, that women struggle to break through a glass ceiling and that their leadership positions remain too slow (Christopher 224). The term glass ceiling describes a perceived barrier to advancement in our society. In the United States the government funds a group called the Glass Ceiling Commission, which works to help fight the glass ceiling and they also collect statistics to look in to the rampant discrimination in American society based on gender or ethnic background. The GCC stated: Over half of all Masters degrees go to women, yet 95% of the Fortune 500 companies are men. It is a clear indication that certain stereotypes and gender biases are still hindering the equality in our society. The last form of explicit sexism in the workplace is the lack of support for child-birth and child-rearing women. The Employment Act 1978 gives women, going through pregnancy and child birth, the right to have time off with no loss of position (Overall 286). This is only given, however, to women who have a career involving full time and continuous employment and stops just 29 weeks after childbirth (Overall 287). Parental leave, flexible hours, and care of the child are left for the employer and employee to discuss. This is a very complex problem because women are most often considered the primary caregiver, making it very difficult for them to give up their maternal duties. Nursery provisions for women who want to go back to work after fulfilling their domestic duties are appalling. Only 2% of work places have nursery facilities and the male dominated government seems to think that the problem doesnt exist (Burg 43). Taking into account that most women would like to have at least on e child, there is going to be a lot of women in low paid jobs because women must carry on with many roles to perform. Women will most certainly turn to part-time employment, which means they will most likely suffer from lower job security and compensation. Many people believe women are now treated fairly equal in workplaces because they see more women working in administrative positions and in the field of politics. Although it is true that there are many laws enacted to secure better working environment, statistics and reality still demonstrate wide gap between the male and the female workers (Burg 89). As of year 2009, the number of women entering college exceeded that of men; however, proportion of men and women in the labor market, especially in the management positions, is still far from being balanced (Berg 116). Sexism in workplaces is prevalent in the modern society. Mass media is the main force to be blamed for gender stereotyping causing sexism. Women are most often portrayed as sexual objects. With the growing influence of media, young men are using women in pejorative ways to gain their masculinity. The explicit lyrics and visual stimulations used in the media are usually focused in the glorification of sexist, misogynist and patriarchal ways of thinking to attract mainstream culture. Teens blindly follow and mimic many of the ideas portrayed with sexist viewpoints (Burg 172). Sadly, the women are vastly degraded in the music industry and the music videos by being represented in a disrespectful manner with an emphasis placed only on their body. This denotes them as a sex symbol, and womens reputation will continue to deteriorate because that is what the media and culture demands (Berg 174). Not only are many well-liked songs demeaning in manner, but so are the popular videos that people watch. The television industry is a major influence of young mens minds. They learn through media that the path to masculinity remains in using women as their primary tool (Burg 189). The extent of such influence is so vast that young children mimic the vulgar actions and often consider these figures as their role models (Sexism Para. 5). The brainwashed children continue watching explicit scenes of apparent sexism believing that such sexist behavior is acceptable in society. Women, on the other hand, are also brainwashed to believe that the best way to attract men is to use the sex appeal (Sexism Para 7). Both men and women are constantly absorbed in the skewed messages sent by the mass media; this is causing unconscious gender stereotyping, leading to unceasing sexism in the modern society. Male dominance is the final factor to blame for gender stereotyping done by the mass media. People deeply involved in making music, videos, or commercials are predominately males (Burg 173). Just like workplaces, males dominate the mass media. They see everything through their perspectives and interpret them with their point of views. In films, men are usually portrayed as super-heroes and protagonists saving the world from doom or feeble counter parts from danger. Women are usually portrayed as a subordinate to men. Without central male figure at the center of the plot, woman alone cannot function properly. Girls get the latent message here believing that the Prince Charming has to rescue them from dire situations. Brainwashing and gender stereotyping can be done most effectively through the mass media and it is responsible for unceasing sexism in our society (Sexism para 4). Some argue that gender stereotyping in the media is comparable to violence. Just because the audience sees the violence, it doesnt mean that it automatically gets translated into crime. It is true in that exposure to gender stereotyping will not always lead to sexism; however, in order to reduce and prevent further acts of sexism and discrimination, the frequency and the context must be controlled very strictly. The mass media must accept more female perspectives and interpretations to portray the reality. Without active involvement from all corners of our society, sexism will not cease to exist. In order to uproot such sexism from our society, younger children must be taught properly; however, as of now, gender role reinforcements are taught in various directions to young children. Little boys and girls learn from the very early stages of their lives that certain gender roles and characteristics are expected of them. The young children get their initial ideas from what they see most often, such as parents, teachers, toys, or TV programs. Subconscious imprinting occurs throughout their childhood, and such deeply rooted stereotypes go all the way to the end of their lives (Burg 231). Certain colors represent certain gender even before birth. Pinks and pastels are most often associated with girls, while blue and green are representative of male characteristics. Toys are also predestined according to gender stereotyping. Boys are taught to play around with robots and cars. Girls are usually attracted to dolls and princesses. The packaged boxes of the plastic tool set usually por tray boys as models. Dolls and kitchen sets always have girls as models, indicating that boys are in charge of doing the outdoor activities, while girls stay home and do household chores. These seemingly unrelated gender roles are deeply ingrained in the childrens minds from the earliest stages of their lives. Stronger support of traditional child rearing methods comes from parents who insist that the old way is the best. Parents or the caregivers in the earliest stages of life influence the perspectives of their children. Many mothers, for instance, explicitly tell their children how to act in front of an opposite gender. Girls are constantly pressured to act polite, shy, or naÃÆ'Â ¯ve. Boys are pressured with certain standards, such as academic achievement, manners, or bravery. Parents and caregivers incessantly pressure their children with set standards to perform (Akrami 68). Later, when they reach certain age, women are told not to be bossy or out-spoken. At the same time, men are told take care of the weak and to take control. These stereotypical gender biases are constantly rooted to children until they become adults. (Barnette 72). Proponents of gender role reinforcements taught to children argue that it is the most basic job of the parents to teach their children the most natural state of being (Davis 34) Theres nothing wrong with teaching children how to live their life; however, forceful brainwashing or constant reinforcements regardless of the childrens unique character will definitely become a problem. The parents were educated like that from their parents. Thats probably the reason why many people blindly insist certain characters or traits to their children. Parents must realize that the world is changing. Gender stereotypes must be fixed or eradicated altogether according to the pace of change in the modern society. Thats the key to more understanding and wider scope of perspective. To sum up, sexism is alive and well in our society. It is prevalent in our society, especially in the workplace, granting only partial benefits and opportunities to women. Gender stereotypes are strongly reinforced and taught in the media and in our own homes. To accomplish an absolute equality in our society, both men and women must work together for a very long time with respect. Drastic change is very unlikely, but small changes in thoughts will definitely improve the problem of sexism and discrimination in our society.

Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsleys Story of Venus and Tannhäuser Essay

Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsley's Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user Aubrey Beardsley wrote The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user during the fin de sià ¨cle, the end of the Victorian Era. This decadent work, following Baudelaire's credo "art for art's sake first of all," portrays sex and sexualities in a playful manner. In addition to mocking conventional Victorian moral codes, and parodying pornographic conventions, The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user also supports Foucault's idea that the Victorian Era witnessed a diffusion of sexualities. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user was originally toned down and modified for publication in 1897 in The Savoy, a magazine that Beardsley served as art editor, under the title of Under The Hill. According to Stanley Weintraub, Venus and Tannhà ¤user was "the literally undisciplined and Rabelaisian original. But the longer manuscript's [Venus'] first eight chapters had sufficed for only four refashioned chapters of the purified and playfully footnoted Savoy text [Under the Hill]" (168). Venus and Tannhà ¤user is a decadent work, though the term "decadent" is difficult to define. As Elaine Showalter notes, the term had antithetical connotations at the end of the century. On the one hand, it was "the pejorative label applied by the bourgeoisie to everything that seemed unnatural" (169). But artists who embraced decadence as an aesthetic credo " . . .rejected all that was natural and biological in favor of the inner life of art, artifice, sensation and imagination" (170). Heather Henderson and William Sharpe note that these opposing connotations are typically combined in standard definitions of the term, since "In most cases the word [decadent] suggested an ultra-refined sophistication of taste allied wit... ...ory of Venus and Tannhà ¤user." Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890's: An Anthology of British Poetry and Prose. Ed. Karl Beckson. Chicago: Academy, 1981. 9-46. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. New York: Vintage, 1978. Gillette, Paul J. Introduction. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user. By Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Award, 1967. 21-67. Henderson, Heather, and William Sharpe. "Aestheticism, Decadence, and the Fin de Sià ¨cle." The Longman Anthology of British Literature: The Victorian Age. Ed. Heather Henderson and William Sharpe. New York: Longman, 1999. 1936-1938. Showalter, Elaine. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Sià ¨cle. New York: Penguin, 1990. Weintraub, Stanley. Beardsley: A Biography. New York: Braziller, 1967. Zatlin, Linda G. "Beardsley Redresses Venus." Victorian Poetry 28.3-4 (1990): 111-124. Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsley's Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user Essay Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsley's Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user Aubrey Beardsley wrote The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user during the fin de sià ¨cle, the end of the Victorian Era. This decadent work, following Baudelaire's credo "art for art's sake first of all," portrays sex and sexualities in a playful manner. In addition to mocking conventional Victorian moral codes, and parodying pornographic conventions, The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user also supports Foucault's idea that the Victorian Era witnessed a diffusion of sexualities. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user was originally toned down and modified for publication in 1897 in The Savoy, a magazine that Beardsley served as art editor, under the title of Under The Hill. According to Stanley Weintraub, Venus and Tannhà ¤user was "the literally undisciplined and Rabelaisian original. But the longer manuscript's [Venus'] first eight chapters had sufficed for only four refashioned chapters of the purified and playfully footnoted Savoy text [Under the Hill]" (168). Venus and Tannhà ¤user is a decadent work, though the term "decadent" is difficult to define. As Elaine Showalter notes, the term had antithetical connotations at the end of the century. On the one hand, it was "the pejorative label applied by the bourgeoisie to everything that seemed unnatural" (169). But artists who embraced decadence as an aesthetic credo " . . .rejected all that was natural and biological in favor of the inner life of art, artifice, sensation and imagination" (170). Heather Henderson and William Sharpe note that these opposing connotations are typically combined in standard definitions of the term, since "In most cases the word [decadent] suggested an ultra-refined sophistication of taste allied wit... ...ory of Venus and Tannhà ¤user." Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890's: An Anthology of British Poetry and Prose. Ed. Karl Beckson. Chicago: Academy, 1981. 9-46. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. New York: Vintage, 1978. Gillette, Paul J. Introduction. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user. By Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Award, 1967. 21-67. Henderson, Heather, and William Sharpe. "Aestheticism, Decadence, and the Fin de Sià ¨cle." The Longman Anthology of British Literature: The Victorian Age. Ed. Heather Henderson and William Sharpe. New York: Longman, 1999. 1936-1938. Showalter, Elaine. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Sià ¨cle. New York: Penguin, 1990. Weintraub, Stanley. Beardsley: A Biography. New York: Braziller, 1967. Zatlin, Linda G. "Beardsley Redresses Venus." Victorian Poetry 28.3-4 (1990): 111-124.