Fance after 1871 essays

Fance after 1871 essays In the following paragraphs I will be discussing France after it's defeat in the Franco-Prussian war; the constitution, divisions in government, threats to the people's faith in their rulers, and the economy. France began this era at considerable disadvantage because of the war and Bismarck's policy of isolation, which greatly hindered it's attempts to regain it's prosperity and it's influence in European affairs. France after the Franco-Prussian war was in both economic and political crises. In the treaty of Frankfurt she had agreed to pay 5 billion francs in reparations to Germany to allow a German army of occupation to remain there until the debts were paid. She had surrendered the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, and had agreed to allow a triumphant German army to march through the streets of Paris in return for allowing France to keep the town of Belfort, in Alsace. The people of France were poor, humiliated and disillusioned with the government that had allowed the demise of their country. Furthermore, Bismarck's policy of isolation made it almost impossible for France to form alliances within Europe which would help her to regain some of her former power. The people of France were resentful towards Germany and the government was more inclined to focus on a war of revenge than the rebuilding of the country. These were the terms under which the third French republic began so it is not surprising that it's reign was to be short-lived. Adolphe Thiers, a liberal monarchist, was head of the national assembly. Communes were established all over the country to represent each of the towns in the assembly , and the first real threat to the 3rd French republic came about as a result of this. The Parisians believed that the new bourgeois government was failing to recognise the special position of the people of Paris, who had just undergone a four-month siege. Revolution broke out in march 1871, supported by work...

The German Infinitive Verb Form

The German Infinitive Verb Form Just like in English, the German infinitive is the basic form of a verb (schlafen/to sleep). However, it is less frequently found than in English to be accompanied by the preposition zu/to. The following is an overview of specifics pertaining to the German infinitive. The Ending of German Infinitives Most German infinitives end with -en (springen/to jump), but there are also some verbs that end in the infinitive with -ern, -eln, -n (wandern/to wander, hike, sammeln/to collect, sein/to be). Tenses and Moods The German infinitive is used in the following tenses and moods: The future: Er will morgen arbeiten./He wants to work tomorrow.Conjunctive II: Mein Vater mà ¶chte gerne nach Kà ¶ln reisen./My father would like to travel to Cologne.In the passive: Die Tà ¼r sollte verriegelt sein./The door should be locked.In the passive perfect: Das Kind scheint zu spt angekommen zu sein./The child seems to have arrived too late.With modal verbs:  Der Junge soll die Banana essen, aber er will nicht./The boy should eat the banana, but he does not want to. Infinitives as Nouns Infinitives can become nouns. No changes are necessary. Only you must remember to precede the infinitive noun with the article das and to always capitalize it. For example: das Liegen/the lying-down, das Essen- the food, das Fahren/the driving. Infinitives as Subject Some German infinitives can stand in as the subject of a sentence. Some of these are: anfangen, aufhà ¶ren, beginnen, andenken, glauben, hoffen, meinen, vergessen, versuchen. For example: Sie meint, sie hat immer recht./Sie meint, immer recht zu haben: She thinks she is always right. Note: If you say: Sie meint, er hat immer recht you cant replace er with the infinitive since the original subject of the sentence isnt restated. Ich freue mich, dass ich ihn bald wiedersehe./I am happy that I will be able to see him again.Ich freue mich ihn bald wiederzusehen./Im happy to see him again. Conjugated Verb Infinitive Only a handful of verbs can pair up with an infinitive in a German sentence. These verbs are: bleiben, gehen, fahren, lernen, hà ¶ren, sehen, lassen. (Ich bleibe hier sitzen/I will stay sitting here.) Conjunction Infinitive   Phrases with the following conjunctions will always carry a German infinitive, whether it a short or longer phrase: anstatt, ohne, um. For example:   Er versucht ohne seinen Stock zu gehen./He tries to walk without his cane.Sie geht in die Schule, um zu lernen./She goes to school to learn. Noun Infinitive   Sentences with der Spaß and die Lust will carry a German infinitive: Sie hat Lust, heute einkaufen zu gehen./She feels like going shopping today. Sentences with the following nouns will also carry a German infinitive: die Absicht, die Angst, die Freude, die Gelegenheit, der Grund, die Mà ¶glichkeit, die Mà ¼he, das Problem, die Schwierigkeiten, die Zeit. For example: Ich habe Angst dieses alte Auto zu fahren./I am scared to drive this old car.Sie sollte diese Gelegenheit nicht verpassen./She should not miss this opportunity. Exceptions: There will not be an infinitive  if there is a conjunction in the sentence: Es gibt ihr viel Freude, dass er mitgekommen ist./It gives her great joy that he came along.

Critically discuss the Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of Assignment

Critically discuss the Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of the International Strategy of an Organisation - Assignment Example This in turn has resulted in increasing internationalisation of the businesses. More and more multinational organisations are operating in different countries because of the increasing globalisation. There are different reasons and motives behind the decision of internalisation. According to Johnson and Turner (2003), the reasons and motives of the organisations behind pursuing internationalisation strategy can be divided into following broad categories: 1. Resource Seeking 2. Market Seeking 3. Efficiency Seeking 4. Strategic Asset Seeking Apart from this different approaches to enter into international market are being used by the organisations. Different market entry modes available to the organisations are presented in the figure below: (Adapted from Johnson and Turner, 2003) According to Wrigley (2000), Coe (2003), and Sanghavi (2000), the international expansion by the retail organisations started relatively later as compared to that of the manufacturing organisations but there have been considerable growth and development in the international expansion by the retail organisations in the last fifteen years. It is relatively difficult for the retail organisations to pursue the strategy of international expansion. The retail organisations do not have a single product which they can export to different markets. These retail organisations offer different products which are supplied by different manufacturers and along with this provide the shoppers with a complete experience. Hence it can be said that the business of retailing also has intangible service element. Along with this the products provided by the retail organisations have different consumer preferences and tastes in different regions. For this reason, it is not easy for the retail organisations to expand in different geographical markets and regions. The retail organisations are provided with two different strategic options in order to expand their business operations internationally i.e. global and multinational strategies. The retail organisations which implement the global strategy follow the same format and strategies all over the world. On the other hand the retail organisations which implement the multinational strategy adapt and change the practices according to local preferences. (Alexander and Myers, 2000) In this report an attempt has been made in order to analyse and discuss the suitability, feasibility, and acceptability of the internationalisation strategy of United Kingdom largest retail organisation, Tesco. COMPANY BACKGROUND: Tesco is the one of the biggest and largest retail organisation in United Kingdom. The company is not only operating in the retail industry but has also expanded in several other industries and markets. Apart from this the company is known for its rapid and successful international expansion in different regions (Palmer, 2005). The company has been successfully operating in 13 different countries of the world. Tesco is a successful multina tional retail organisation and is the third largest retail organisation in the whole world on the basis of revenues. The company is still looking to further expand its international operations (Wood, 2011) INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF TESCO: The management of Tesco is making all possible efforts in order to make sure to achieve the strategic of ongoing expansion in the international market. Currently, the retail organization is operating in 13 different countries all over the globe including Europe, North America, and Asia.

Influenza Vaccine During Pregnancy Research Paper

Influenza Vaccine During Pregnancy - Research Paper Example after the first dose, whereas previously unvaccinated children below 9 years were recommended with two doses of vaccine, the priming dose as well as the booster dose. The adverse reaction observed in these individuals involves soreness, fever, malaise and Guillian- Barre Syndrome (GBS) (1/100,000) recipients, other adverse drug reports encompass nasal congestion, headache, myalgias or fever (Stinhoff et al, 2012). Pregnancy is a condition that affects immune system to a greater extent as a result woman becomes prone to the health hazards caused by the flu or other complicated condition such as pneumonia or respiratory distress. Further, these conditions may culminate into premature labor or delivery of a preterm baby. Prevention of flu is therefore highly imperative. Vaccination as a preventive measure is a way to protect the fetus, infant stage. Childhood flu vaccines can be provided at or after 6 months of age. However, vaccination during the pregnancy results in the formation of a ntibodies which are passed on to the developing fetus and hence a passive protection or immunity is provided to the fetus. This flu vaccine is prepared from the inactivated virus while the nasal spray is prepared from the live virus which is contraindicated during pregnancy (Ayoub & Yazbak, 2006). Symptoms of Influenza Symptoms of influenza involve fever, myalgia, malaise, headache, fatigue, cough, sore throat, rhinitis etc. Such conditions could be assessed by performing viral culture and testing for the presence of viral antigen. Influenza virus possesses airborne transmission and person to person contact. The virus possesses an incubation period of two days and there is an abrupt onset of these symptoms. Observations reveal that influenza is accompanied by the complications like... Influenza spreads potentially in the community and is capable of causing spread and intensity of illness of the patient. The virus is capable of changing its antigenic forms from 1918 to 2009. Human is the indirect host and is known that pig serves as a host for human as well as avian species. Its transmission is through droplet nuclei as well as body discharges. The virus invades the respiratory epithelium after the incubation duration of 1-7 days. A damage to epithelium we followed by the immune response. Characters displayed by the patients encompass fever, cough, sore throat, diarrhea, vomiting followed by hospitalization. Vaccination against the devastating disease influenza is highly essential to prevent the development of complications, especially pneumonia in children. During pregnancy the immunity provided to the developing fetus is passive, it can prevent the fetus from influenza. Reports of teratogenic as well as carcinogenic implications of the condition have been observe d. Although with research studies the success rate has augmented still a lot of controversies regarding the influenza vaccine are gaining prevalence. On one hand, the reports highlight the positive consequences of the influenza vaccine in preventing the disease condition while on the other hand there are reported the incidence to display the teratogenic as well as the carcinogenic impact of the influenza vaccine. Dreaded diseases like pH1N1 could be combated due to the administration of pH1N1 vaccination.

Business Survival in a Recession Essay Example for Free

Business Survival in a Recession Essay

one hundred years of solitude :: essays research papers

31.03.2005  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOLITUDE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are times when surreal is so naturally expressed that it becomes real. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, Garcia Marquez perfectly combines extraordinary events with everyday life. The magic realism in Marquez’s novel transforms the extraordinary into reality by the use of religion, myth and belief systems. Although these themes make the novel magical, the story is a representation of the reality of Latin America before industrialism with a Civil War going on and the reactions of the people to modernization. The novel also clearly expresses how magic and religion overcome the realities of life – magic becomes more real than reality itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of religion and different perspectives on issue are introduced by different characters. The indigenous members of the Buendia family are very flexible toward religion. For example, Jose Arcadio Buendia teases the priest. Most of the Buendias have incestuous relationships. Most of the Buendia men have affairs with prostitutes. These examples do not prove that the Buendias are nonreligious but on the contrary they believe that religion is an institution between God and man itself and no mediators are needed. As a counter-example on the issue of flexibility on religion in the Buendia family is the newcomer member, Fernanda del Carpio, is strictly religious and an inflexible follower of Catholism. She gains the control of the Buendia house by imposing her vain religious discipline. Fernanda’s nonflexible religious side reaches its climax where she forces her daughter Amaranta Ursula to become a nun because of her relationship with Mauricio Babilonia wh ich Fernanda disapproves and Mauricio is shot and becomes paralyzed in Fernanda’s command and their illegitimate son Aureliano is locked into a room. Remedios the Beauty, the daughter of Santa Sofia and Arcadio, floats to heaven and Amaranta, the daughter of Ursula Iguaran and Jose Arcadio Buendia, dies as a virgin. These characters can be also counted as biblical symbols of heaven and Mary the Virgin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One Hundred Years of Solitude can be perceived as the Bible of Macondo since it outlines the genesis and apocalypse of Macondo in which the biblical myths are fulfilled. Initially, Macondo is an uncivilized, innocent settlement and Jose Arcadio Buendia and Ursula Iguaran populates Macondo as Adam and Eve did the world. Besides, Jose Arcadio Buendia surely represents Adam since he is tied up to a tree because of insanity caused by his quest for knowledge similar to Adam and Eve being exiled from Eden after eating from the Tree of Knowledge.

High School vs. College: The Contrast

After four grueling years in that beloved institution where we spend the free and happy days of our unraveling lives, the high school, we are directed to climb a higher level of education called college. However, with its very high college dropout rate, most of America’s youth never know the difference anymore.Nevertheless, there are several points of comparison and contrast between the two education levels. The identification of these contrasts can be a necessary tool to aid those who have decided to take on an extra mile by pursuing a degree (Breitspecher, 2006).Personal FreedomLet us start drawing contrasts between high school and college in the aspect of personal freedom. Basically, high school is compulsory because it is usually offered free of charge. We really have no choice but to pursue high school, if we want to be called normal. However, pursuing the next level, which is college, is a prerogative.This is especially true in the US, where the number of those who pursu e college is dwindling. A probable reason for this is the more difficult and serious nature of the college level, and the escalating costs that it requires of those who dream of it (Murray State University, 2006).Further, the two has a contrast in terms of personal freedom in the sense of management, be it in time, finances, and activities. In high school, we usually live with our parents, and are therefore subject to their rules and regulations, which may involve curfews.Our teachers and the school administration are also in control of our time as we are basically given time schedules, and we are supposed to merely follow suit. For whatever activities we may want to join in, we must first ask the permission of our parents, and the school asks for their permission if they are school-based activities. Along with joining any activity, the money we will be needing for finance must be asked from our parents, and in that way, we are restricted to their bidding (Murray State University, 2 006).In college, people usually move out and live on their own. Then, we are left to do as we choose to. However, this independence is accompanied by certain responsibilities, moral, and economic restrictions. For one, we are free to join any activity of our choice.However, we are also held responsible for the consequences of our choices. We are also left on our own to spend our money for whatever purposes, but we are also held responsible to pay for our bills and purchase our basic necessities (Murray State University, 2006).Essentially, these contrasts on personal freedom stem from the society’s growing expectations for us. In high school, we are deemed in need of guidance so our parents direct, and in that sense control, our everyday details. In college, we are expected to have learned from our high school experiences, and mature enough to act responsibly when left on our own.As quoted from the movie Spiderman, â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility.† Col lege sure endows us with some degree of power over our own lives, but a great deal of responsibility comes along with it (Murray State University, 2006).ClassesThe second aspect in which high school can be contrasted with college is in the conduct of the classes. In high school, we are given class schedules, which consists of consecutive classes with minimal break times. In a week, the hours we spend attending those classes sum up to 30 hours, and this extend to 26 weeks.Classes are often in terms of one whole school year, wherein the teacher will closely monitor attendance, and matters of delinquency must be settled. We typically have around 35 classmates to endure the entire year with. We are also usually given the books we will need, and we are only concerned with passing our subjects, not graduating from high school because it is almost a sure thing (Murray State University, 2006).In college, things take on a different twist. You usually decide which subject you will take when, and thereby design your own time schedule. Only around 12 to 16 hours are spent inside the classrooms, and they can be during the evenings, typically sandwiched between vacant hours. However, these improvements are to serve the purpose of lightening the heavy coursework that college requires.Classes also practically last only half of the academic year, as the academic year is divided into two semesters. Knowing your classmates will be difficult since a class usually consists of 75 to a hundred students. You will have to allocate your allowance well or find extra source of finances since you will be expected to provide your own books, which will usually cost a lot. Attendance is not usually monitored, but your mentors expect you to know everything that’s going on in class.You must also work your way through graduation and device ways and means on how to satisfy the graduation requirements of your degree, unlike in high school where everything is almost a given and all you had to do is wait for the graduation ball (Murray State University, 2006).   

Types of Speeches Essay

â€Å"There are always three speeches for every one you actually gave: the one you practiced, the one you gave, and the one you wish you gave.† – Dale Carnegie, Writer and lecturer Public speech comes in dozens of forms. From the motivational to the ceremonial, the christening to the eulogy, the rehearsed best man to the impromptu – the chances are good that in your lifetime, you will experience just about every genre of public speaking. We will explore a variety of speeches styles in this course, so here is a preview of the speeches we’ll attempt! Memorable Speech No matter where your career takes you, at some point you’ll engage in conversation with a business partner, a client or a customer about a previous job, an unusual experience or even your family. It will be your opportunity to â€Å"wow† them with a good story. In this assignment, let’s pretend that you’re in that situation, and you want to wow us with a good story! This speech is simply a well told story or event from your life. It should be interesting, it can be entertaining – but ultimately, I want it to be a story that you’re familiar with and enjoy telling. Treat us as if we were friends at a round-table discussion, and you want to tell us something that you know we’ll enjoy. Pop Culture Speech This assignment will give you the freedom to reenact a speech that is relevant to our current popular culture or current events landscape. President Obama’s inaugural address. The Tiger Woods’ apology speech. Jeff Bridge’s Oscar acceptance speech. Make sure you define the speech and illustrate its social significance. Become the speaker and transport your audience to the scene. Invoke the same emotion that the speaker gave. Demonstration Speech This assignment will give you an opportunity to educate the audience on how to do something, how to create something, how something is done, or how something works. Audience consideration is key here – it’s important to keep in mind that we’re in a collegiate, professional classroom, so ‘How to Water Your Garden’ might not be particularly interesting! But, something like: techniques for drawing a sketch book, or how to make the perfect fettuccini alfredo, or how to create a secure network for a wireless router, might appeal to your listeners. Start thinking about visual aids that you could use for this assignment, as these will be major assets to your presentation. Informative Speech The choices are truly endless for this assignment! To help scale down your options, pick something that interests you, that you think will interest the audience, and that the audience doesn’t know a lot about. Provide valuable information in this speech – open our eyes to a subject we barely know. Describe pros and cons. Briefly summarize the history. But be careful not to drift into persuasion – there is a fine line between informing us about a topic and persuading us to think a certain way about it. Your task in this assignment is to present unbiased, objective facts. Persuasive Speech In this assignment, you will have the opportunity to persuade your audience to think a certain way. In many cases, this serves as a natural progression from your informative speech, because now you are tasked with taking a stance on something and defending your viewpoint. Make sure you clearly state data and statistics that support your claims. Give us facts thatconvince. Appeal to the beliefs and sensibilities of your audience. Visual aids always add great value to one’s argument, so use them when you can. Strengthen your side by disclosing an opposing view, but discredit it – a great way to bolster support for your side. The Fear of Public Speaking â€Å"According to most studies, people’s number one fear is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. Does that sound right? This means to the average person, if you go to a funeral, you’re better off in the casket than doing the eulogy.† — Jerry Seinfeld, comedian What is it about public speaking that sends chills down our spines? The causes of glossophobia (public speaking anxiety) have long been studied, and although no single cause has been identified as the key culprit, studies have repeatedly shown that more people are afraid of public speaking than death. Consider the following statistics: The Top 10 Global Fears are: 1.Fear of public speaking (Glossophobia) 2.Fear of death (Necrophobia) 3.Fear of spiders (Arachnophobia) 4.Fear of darkness (Achluophobia) 5.Fear of heights (Acrophobia) 6.Fear of people or social situations (Sociophobia) 7.Fear of flying (Aerophobia) 8.Fear of open spaces (Agoraphobia) 9.Fear of thunder and lightning (Brontophobia) 10.Fear of confined spaces (Claustrophobia) Research has proven that a fear of public speaking can have negative effects on careers, and hinder success if not addressed. Three out of four individuals across the world suffer from speech anxiety. Simply put, 75 percent of all humans fear public speaking. Up to five percent of the world’s population (hundreds of millions of people) experience glossophobic symptoms in a given year. Some studies have found that a larger percentage of females suffer from speech anxiety related problems. More men than women seek treatment to cure fear of public speaking through means like hypnosis therapy, beta-blockers or self-help literature. Social phobias often start with shyness in childhood or early adolescence, and progress during maturation, according to scientific studies on fears of public speaking. What is Extemporaneous Speaking? Extemporaneous speaking (sometimes referred to as extemp or extempo) is a speech format where an orator delivers to an audience without assistance from notes, teleprompters or the like. In its finest form, it is a smooth, dynamic performance that mixes subject knowledge, humor, research and fact. Conduct this exercise: Look around the room you are in right now. Choose an object at random. Something on a shelf, the window sill, the floor, just a random object near you right now. Now look at a mirror and try talking about that object for 60 seconds without stalling, stopping, pausing, or using any fillers like ‘umm’ or ‘uhh.’ Whatever comes to your mind about that object, just rattle it off! Can you fill a full 60 seconds with substance? You don’t have note cards, you didn’t rehearse, you just chose something you were familiar with and spoke on it for a minute. That’s speaking extemporaneously! Here are 10 tips to speaking extemporaneously: 1.Start your extemp with a good summation that grabs attention, the state the theme. 2.Develop between three and five main points. Each one should be a distinguished idea. 3.Tie each idea back to your main topic. 4.Tie each idea to the next idea. Go for smooth transitions and sensible bridges. 5.Keep it simple. Don’t try to impress your audience with fancy words. Impress them with powerful expressions and convincing facts. 6.Your subtopics should reinforce the main points. They should describe or elaborate. 7.Revisit your thesis on occasion. Remind the audience of what your main point is, and how this ties into the smaller items. 8.Cut to the chase! The audience appreciates detail, but not so much that they get lost in minutia. 9.Don’t be afraid to make a joke about your nervousness. The audience will appreciate it, and you’ll feel better about it. 10.Quit while  you’re ahead! Start smooth, support your stance, finish strong†¦ depart respectfully! Know Your Audience â€Å"Be sincere; be brief; be seated.† – Franklin D. Roosevelt, on speechmaking (1882-1945, 32nd President of the United States) Finding a connection with your audience can be the key to delivering a successful, comfortable presentation, or it can lead to the exact opposite. Chances are good that you will deliver speeches where you don’t know every audience member – and the reality is, you don’t really need to. But you do want to find some common ground early, which will help your credibility, but also help your nerves. So how do you connect? An easy and painless way is to mingle. It’s an audience analysis technique that is too often overlooked. Shake hands. Introduce yourself. Talk about the weather. When you stand before the podium or take the mic, gather your surroundings for just a moment. Smile as you survey the scene and make some inclusive observations. What’s everyone wearing? What’s the body language like? What do their facial expressions say? And where are the emergency exits Just kidding! The audience wants to feel like you’re talking to them, and they want to feel that way individually. Although eye contact is an enormous part of public speaking (and we’ll discuss it further in future lectures), it’s not realistic to look each person in the eye. So, focus on points to your west, north and east. Pick a listener at each point of the room, and focus on thosemembers. As you look left at your first focal point, then center at your second focal point, then right at your third focal point, you’re glancing over the entire audience equally. You’re pulling them into your  speech and making them feel like you’re talking to them – personally. This is a trick that doesn’t fail! In an online class, it goes without saying that your audience isn’t present – but that doesn’t mean there’s not an audience. We’re here! So treat the camera like it’s us. The window is a portal into the classroom and we’re here observing, listening attentively. So how will you connect? Think about what you’ve learned about your classmates in the Cyber Cafà © and through the video introductions. Use it to your advantage! Additional Types of Public Speaking Every speaker has a mouth; An arrangement rather neat. Sometimes it’s filled with wisdom. Sometimes it’s filled with feet. — Robert Orben, professional magician and comedy writer Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Specialized, Entertaining, and Political Rhetoric. Specialized Have you ever gone to hear a doctor discuss a new type of study? Did you ever walk past an auditorium and catch a teacher for students with disabilities, talking to a group of other teachers about the difference in pedagogical approaches? Or what about a police chief, discussing law enforcement practices to a group of safety administrators in a different city than his hometown? The purpose of specialized speeches is to inform, educate and demonstrate to a professional audience. Listeners find credibility in the speaker based on similarities in professional or social interests. A common example would be a speaker at an educational information technology convention, where an orator addresses other faculty or school administrators in an effort to inform them of emerging technologies or best practices in the field. Entertaining Most often referred to as the ‘after-dinner speech,’ this form of public speaking is intended to entertain the audience through laughter, anecdotal humor or irony. It differs from a stand-up routine because it flows more logically, with a distinct beginning, middle and end. Speakers of this variety use entertaining material typical woven around a central premise. It’s important to note that not all entertaining speeches are aimed at the funny bone. Sentimental stories can trigger tears, and many tales are meant to appeal to the emotions in some way. Political One form of public speaking that we’re all familiar with is the political speech arena. Whether it’s your local politician lobbying to knock down an aging shopping center or President Obama rallying public support to approve national healthcare, we’re exposed to political rhetoric nearly every day. This form of speech is unique because politicians are typically speaking to like-minded people (those who would vote for him/her regardless of the topic) or skeptics (those who exhibit wariness or suspicion) simultaneously – only on the rarest of occasions do they speak to crowds of unanimous approval. Regardless, there are a few tricks to writing and delivering effective political speeches: †¢Take a stand. Clearly state your stance and support it. It’s unrealistic to be all things to all people; in fact, supporting everything means (ironically) that you support nothing. †¢Stay Energized. Every topic is important to somebody. Not every topic is spicy, but audience members are savvy and they’ll detect even the slightest bit of disinterest in a subject. Be enthusiastic and stay upbeat! †¢Facts. Check your facts. Have your staff check the facts. Double check the facts after they check the facts. Know statistics. Know dates. Know your opponents’ stances and what s/he supports. Be 110% certain that what you’re saying is true. †¢Overlook vocal naysayers. Politicians expect protesters or booing from the audience – and how a political hopeful handles such antagonists says a great deal about his/her character. The ability to approach such  behavior with a sense of humor or by ignoring the noise altogether goes a long way toward building credibi lity with those you’re attempting to persuade. Overcoming the Anxiety â€Å"They may forget what you said, but they will never forget how you made them feel.† – Carl W. Buechner, American author You’ve gotten your first two speeches under your belt. How do you feel about them? How did you feel leading up to them? In all likelihood, you were just a bit nervous as you got ready to record, and that’s normal! Preparation for public speaking is a process, and even the best of the best get butterflies right before taking the microphone. Public speaking is an art, not a science. A few common misperceptions of public speaking are: 1.That you have to be perfect to succeed. Nobody’s perfect – you’re human! You don’t have to be perfect to do anything successfully; in fact, the audience is not nearly as critical of you as you are of yourself. 2.That you have to provide a ton of information all at once. Imagine asking a server ‘What’s on special’ and getting the history of the restaurant in response. Did that answer your question? Probably not – so don’t overload your audience with information that isn’t relevant or they may already know. Give them something valuable. Send them home feeling like they’ve learned something. 3.That you have to please everyone. This is not only an unrealistic approach to audience consideration, it’s unhealthy. You can’t be all things to all beings, so don’t strain yourself trying. The audience will appreciate your message far more than your efforts to please. 4.That tremendous preparation will yield better results. Studies have shown the complete opposite – that too much preparation causes a speaker to over-think and over-scrutinize. Have a solid, working knowledge of your material, but don’t dissect every word. 5.That if you’re serious, the audience will take you seriously. The audience wants to relate to you. They  want to see your human side. Share a memory. Tell a story. Let them in on a personal experience. Never underestimate the power of humor in public speaking; humility and a good joke can go a very long way. So how can you overcome your fear of public speaking? 1.Breathe. A simple, deep inhale sends a wave of relaxation through your body. Take a deep slow breath as you walk toward the podium or approach the front of the room, and itwill calm your nerves. 2.Practice. Rehearsing in front of your family or friends is great way to get instant feedback, because if anybody is going to be honest with you, it’s your friends and family. Engage in positive visualization: close your eyes and picture yourself standing before the audience. Visualize your surroundings. Use note cards to keep you focused and highlight the main points to emphasize. Use a mirror to help gauge your eye contact and your nonverbal behavior (like swaying, shifting or playing with your hair or tie). 3.Mistakes happen. If you lose your place or stumble over a few words, just glance down at your cards, find the next highlighted word or topic, and move on. Take a deep breath and smile – the audience probably didn’t even notice. 4.Avoid Caffeine. A lot of speakers think that a quick rush of adrenaline through the system will electrify them into a phenomenal delivery. Not true. It can make you jittery, shaky and make you rush through the speech at an unhealthy pace. Go for a water or a juice to avoid dry mouth. 5.Find a target. Recall what we mentioned in an earlier lecture about your focal points. Locate a person at east, north and center to glance at every couple of seconds. That way, when you look left and right, you still have a target at center on which to focus. 6.Gesture for Emphasis. Speak conversationally and you’ll find a very natural, comfortable way of using your hands. If you get distracted by buttons or pockets, wear clothes without buttons or pockets. These are two very costly distractions! Time to Write the Speech! The task seems daunting, for sure – but it’s a task we each face at different times! Writing a speech can be an assignment that’s so open-ended it seems like there’s a never-ending abyss of possibilities, but below are some tips that may get you going! Before The Speech†¦ †¢Visualize! I cannot stress this point enough, and you’re probably tired of reading about it! Nevertheless, as soon as you receive your assignment, start the positive visualization process. Imagine yourself at the podium, or in front of the class, or on the stage. Positive visualization is subliminal preparation. †¢Start the research portion early. Even if it’s a topic you’re familiar with, it never hurts to freshen up. Find new angles on the topic. Document negative aspects that may fend off dissenters and help you prepare for tough questions. †¢Get it on paper! Jot your ideas down as they come, and begin to formally organize your thoughts. They don’t have to be lucid, elaborate ideas at this point – but capturing some of your initial considerations or inclinations ensures that they won’t get lost in the shuffle. You’ve got some ideas down, you think your subject has potential, now frame it! †¢Prepare to introduce yourself. Just a few lines about who you are before you delve into your subject builds credibility with the listener. †¢Organize your major points. Depending on the time parameters, you might be limited to as few as one or unlimited entirely – but you want to have substantive, quality information on each point. It’s widely accepted that a speech contains three major points. †¢Conclude and Convince. Summarize your speech and reiterate the most important speech. What do you want your audience to take away from this speech? Express them here once more. Done! You’ve just delivered a top-notch speech! You prepared, you researched, you organized†¦ what are you going to do now? Consider these two additional closing activities that will separate you from the rest! †¢Take some questions if time and the forum permits. This is a great opportunity to interact with listeners. It proves that they were interested, that your message hit home – but also can illuminate what areas of the speech can be tweaked. †¢Share references and resources with your audience. Unless you did  the experiment or discovered the anecdote yourself, your information came from somewhere! Acknowledge those whose information you used while creating your speech – it’s a great way to put a polished touch on the closing minutes! Additional Types of Public Speaking â€Å"The human brain starts working the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to speak in public.† -George Jessel, Academy Award winning movie producer Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Ceremonial, Acceptance, and Motivational. Ceremonial This speech format is most common at formal events such as recitations, graduations, weddings, etc. For example, the ‘Best Man Speech’ is the most common ceremonial speech. Ceremonial speeches are also known as epideictic speech, and language of the speaker should be inspiring, rousing and vivid. Two techniques of epideictic speech are identification (which creates a feeling of closeness, familiarity and universality), and magnification (which exemplifies overcoming obstacles, exceeding boundaries or achieving the unachievable. Five simple guidelines can direct you to a successful ceremonial speech. †¢Use concrete terms (not abstract) †¢Use personal references (not impersonal) †¢Use simple sentences (not complex) †¢Use active verbs (not passive) †¢Use repetition of ideas to enhance comprehension and memory Acceptance After receiving an award or honor, you may be expected to respond with an acceptance speech. Express gratitude, acknowledge the person or group that’s giving the award, recognize what the award stands for or represents. Four simple guidelines can direct you to a successful acceptance speech: †¢Accept the honor with grace and humility. Use magnification in an acceptance speech. †¢Give credit where credit is due. Mention those who assisted you or influenced your life. †¢Give back to the audience. Express your awareness of its deeper meaning and leave the audience with a tribute to their work or what inspired you. †¢Contextualize the future: what does this award mean to society, to the group, and express how you will continue this work. Motivational Motivational public speakers, arguably the most popular type of speaking out there, uses stories, anecdotes, illustrations, and allegories to capture the audience. Typical of motivational speaking is the delivery of a moral lesson that will uplift, inspire and or have an impact on the listeners. The most common goal is to encourage self-improvement, with the orator telling a story that crafts the mind to form a mental attachment that enables members of the audience to think: â€Å"I can do that, too.† Motivational speakers should be leery of adding political or religious elements to their content – because of the diversity of audiences, this can render a speech to be less effective, or even offensive. Verbal Style The words we choose and the terms we use define how impactful or ineffective our speech will be. Below are some typical devices used by public speakers to illustrate comparisons, repetition, magnification of a significant point, or a contrast of ideas. Devices that illustrate comparisons †¢Analogy: Occurs when similar statements are placed near one another. Analogy illustrates commonalities between ideas. ââ€" ¦Example: He tackled that question the way a linebacker would tackle a running back! †¢Metaphor: Occurs when applying a term of phrase to a statement that enhances or embellishes – but not literally applicable. ââ€" ¦Example:He jumped so high I could’ve sworn he was a kangaroo! †¢Allegory: Occurs when objects, characters or occasions are given metaphorical definitions. Typically gives identity to items that lack identity. ââ€" ¦Example: The landlord was so mad I thought he was going to spit fire! †¢Onomatopoeia: Occurs when a clever play on words uses a sound descriptor associated with the item or thing being named. ââ€" ¦Example: Did anyone else see that gaggle of geese swim by? †¢Synecdoche: Occurs when something is identified or categorized based on a part of the whole. Can often be sensational, exaggerated or a skewed view. ââ€" ¦Example: To understand the history of Italy, just read about the mafia. Devices that argue through repetition †¢Alliterations: Occurs when a succession of words carries identical sounds. ââ€" ¦Example: Nobody knew Nate could never knot his Nikes. †¢Antimetaboles: Occurs when words are repeated within the same sentence, but reversed. ââ€" ¦Example: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country! †¢Climaxes: Occurs when items are placed in series to illustrate rising importance of emotional escalation. ââ€" ¦Example: Hope springs eternal; and with that hope springs eternal youth; and with that youth comes the hope of a generation! Devices that magnify a significant point †¢Allusions: Occurs when disconnected terms or items are mentioned in reference to a relevant discussion. ââ€" ¦Example: Bill Gates would so mad at you for using that old machine! †¢Cumulation: Occurs when related items are compiled and weight is added to an  argument. ââ€" ¦Example: How can we get any work done when the phone keeps ringing? Not to mention the internet keeps blinking †¦ and I’ve had people at my desk all day!? †¢Oxymoron: Occurs when a contradiction is obvious. ââ€" ¦Example: Thank goodness for decaffeinated coffee; how else would I get through the day? Devices that contrast ideas †¢Hyperbole: Occurs when exaggeration evokes a colorful reality. ââ€" ¦Example: The head of that department might as well be 10 years old. †¢Irony: Occurs when a statement’s meaning is recognizably opposite of the literal translation. ââ€" ¦Example: I love how it hasn’t rained for three weeks but then rains on our wedding day. †¢Understatement: Occurs when what is said is considerably less than what’s actually meant. ââ€" ¦Example: Boy, that hurricane made such a mess out of traffic. What Makes Some Speeches Great? â€Å"I gave a speech in Omaha. After the speech I went to a reception elsewhere in town. A sweet old lady came up to me, put her gloved hand in mine, and said, †I heard you spoke here tonight.† â€Å"Oh, it was nothing,† I replied modestly. †Yes,† the little old lady nodded, â€Å"that’s what I heard.† – Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States, 1974-77 What makes some speeches great? Why can Americans separated by two generations recite President Roosevelt’s Declaration of War in 1941? How is it that children less than 10 years old understand the meaning behind Dr. Martin Luther King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech? Why do our hearts sink when we hear Lou Gehrig tell a teary Yankee Stadium that â€Å"Today, I feel like the luckiest man on the face of the earth†? These speeches have overcome the test of time for a variety of reasons. First and foremost, they are filled with passion. There is nothing submissive or passive about them. These speakers deliver powerful jolts with every word, and the listener has no choice but to feel the subsequent emotional stir. Some historical speeches touch upon human conditions that remain fixed through each passing generation, keeping them relevant. They touch upon circumstances to which mankind relates – things like war, prejudice, tragedy and triumph. Use of urgent language emphasizes the importance of the situation. Some of the most everlasting speeches were given during times crises or social unrest, so an elevated sense of urgency is inherent in these orations. Famous speakers use their words with craft, and you’ll often find them repeating themselves for dramatic emphasis and stress. Repetition is a device used to make a direct, earnest point (this idea is explored in Week 4 Lecture 1). This also allows for listeners to more easily recall an important point, if it’s been spoken more than once. Think about a speech in your lifetime that made a major impact on you. Who delivered the speech? What was it about? How did it impact you? Speeches that impact us can range from something with international magnitude (such as President Bush addressing the nation following 9/11) to a one-on-one disciplining from a parent. Think about some of the speeches you’ve witnessed in your life – why do you remember them? Additional Types of Speeches â€Å"It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.† -Mark Twain Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public  speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Debate, Inspirational, and Newcasting/Broadcasting. Debate Debate is a formal interaction of persuasive exchange and argument. Logical consistency, factual accuracy, and a modest level of emotional appeal typically allows one side to triumph over the other through representation of a superior context and framework. Some valuable tips to debate successfully include: Never say ‘never,’ and never say ‘always.’ Don’t challenge an obvious truth. Refrain from pointing out errors, but admit if you’re mistaken. Challenge the idea, not the person. Don’t exaggerate – truth is easier to remember. Say ‘some’ rather than ‘many’. If it happens ‘often’ or ‘generally,’ you’re permitting exceptions. Say ‘many’ rather than ‘most’. Numbers and figures came from somewhere – quote them. Do not present opinion as fact – if it’s opinion, say so. Disagree with a smile on your face. Stress the positive any way every time. You can lose some battles and win the war. Concede minor points. Tone – it can empower or belittle. Be cognizant. Winning a debate isn’t worth losing a friend. Inspirational Inspirational speeches are highly emotional, motivational speeches that push listeners to pursue previously unachieved goals in life. These speeches give listeners tools and proper awareness of goal pursuit and bolster the possibility of accomplishment. A few common topics include personal growth, career advancement, team building and leadership development. Inspiration has no limits, so audience consideration hinges on social and practical factors like education, status, class and personal interests. Inspirational speech writing is often considered a five-stage scheme: †¢Stage 1: Include a word structure that attracts the attention of the audience. †¢Stage 2: Diverse testimonies that expose the ineffectiveness of current solutions, but proposes promising, successful solutions to all problems . †¢Stage 3: Attainment of satisfaction – innovative thoughts empower the audience to learn of new ways to satisfy a need. †¢Stage 4: Positive visualization of new pra ctices through imagery, emotional representation and visual aids. †¢Stage 5: Motivate the audience to transform plans into actions. Newscasting/Broadcasting This type of public speaking constitutes a professional brand of speech transmitted through media outlets such as radio, newspapers or other print publications, television and internet services. Broadcast speech is typically written in present tense to convey a sense of urgency – a unique twist on delivering information from speaker to listener. It delivers a sense of ‘now’ and when written in active voice, can be very dramatic and breaking. When writing or speaking to the masses, it’s best to stay with a less-is-more mantra. Sentences in journalism tend to be short and economical – as in, they are easy to read, easy to understand, and say a lot with few  words. Contractions are usually permissible with one exception: be very careful contracting ‘not’ – sometimes the audience can’t hear the –n’t—following the verb and it can lead to serious miscommunication. Always, always, always attribute your infor mation to its source. Humor is not typically a part of journalistic prose – it can blur the line between serious and lighthearted. Nonverbal Communication, Part I What does it mean when we smile? When you see a person sitting on a bench with a cell phone to her ear smiling, what can you conclude about her conversation? When a couple is walking through a parking lot holding hands, what can you surmise about their relationship? When you see a man motoring down a sidewalk with a stronghold on his briefcase and frantically checking his watch, what can you deduce about his day? Nonverbal communication surrounds us – in fact, it’s been estimated that as much as 90 percent of all communication is nonverbal. That’s a staggering amount that’s worthy of deeper discussion. Since the topic is so vast, we’ll focus on a few common, key points about nonverbal communication. †¢Physical Environment: The study of proxemics focuses on how people use and perceive the space surrounding their physical presence. Enviro-factors like noise, lighting, crowd, temperature, furniture, even the way you decorate your bedroom – it all impacts you nonverbally. There are four distinct territories of proxemics: ââ€" ¦Primary: Space allotted to someone who has specific rights to it. Example: Your home, apartment, dorm – these are primary spaces that are exclusively yours. Others require your consent and knowledge to enter. ââ€" ¦Secondary: Space not allotted to someone, but people may still feel a specific ownership of that space. Example: You go to a restaurant once a week, and sit in the same booth each time. If you enter the restaurant and someone is sitting in that booth, you are slightly irked by the fact that they’ve occupied your secondary space. ââ€" ¦Public: Space that is available to all, but not always. Example: Anyone is free to park  anywhere they like, unless a space is already occupied. †¢Interaction: Space created during an interaction. Example: If two people are sitting at a table talking to one another, nobody will sit in between or obstruct their view of one another (they would be disrupting the interaction space). †¢Movements: The study of kinesics began in the early 1950’s with a study of how people communicate through facial expression, gesture, body movement and posture. ââ€" ¦Posture can indicate a person’s degree of interest, a status separation between communicators, or the level of fondness the listener has for the communicator. Arm position, body orientation, direction of lean and body openness are all examples of posture. ââ€" ¦Have you ever given someone a wink? Chances are you have – and your gesture was probably well received! Gesturing is a silent body movement that can indicate a number of verbal messages. A hand wave to say hello, a thumbs up to indicate approval, an eye roll to indicate a negative reaction â€⠀œ all gestures that speak. †¢Nonverbal Cues of the Voice: Have you ever been told to â€Å"Watch your tone†? If so, you were warned to be careful of your paralanguage. Qualities like volume, pitch and tempo; even articulation and eloquence give each of us a unique voice print. The voice set describes the context within which someone is speaking, and can encompass mood, age, gender, even culture. †¢Eye Contact: Studying eye contact during public speaking, or oculesics, is a fascinating experiment. Eye contact typically indicates interest, attention and engagement. This is not to be confused with eye gazing. So what does it all mean? What does nonverbal communication really tell us? It expresses emotions and interpersonal feelings; it accompanies speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners; and it manages inaudible cues between speakers and listeners. When Do You Say No? â€Å"There are two types of speakers, those that are nervous and those that are liars.† – Mark Twain, American author and humorist Could you stand up and give us a presentation on nuclear biophysics? How about pharmacology or pathophysiology of the lifespan? Neither could I – because we’re not knowledgeable on the subjects. These topics are well out of our comfort zones. Now†¦ could you stand up and tell us how to make Ramen noodles or eggs benedict? Probably! As important as it is to know your facts on things that interest to you, it’s equally important to know your boundaries. When is it ok to pass on a speaking opportunity, or even pass on a particular topic? †¢If the topic is too technical or methodological, and you’re simply not versed enough in the material to discuss it, move on. Choosing a topic that’s rich with medical terminology would produce unsatisfactory results. Your heart wouldn’t be in it, and you’d lose interest quickly or worst of all – procrastinate until it was too late. Regardless, the resulting performance would not please. †¢If the audience knows more than you do, you’re likely to be recognized as a fraud quickly. I wouldn’t recommend speaking on a topic that you’re modestly familiar with, when the listeners are experts or considerably more savvy than you. Don’t even think about a question-and-answer segment! †¢If you’re under the weather, it’s simply not your day. You would not want to sit through a lecture where the speaker was coughing, snee zing, had a raspy, scratchy voice and looked generally unhappy to be there – so don’t be that person. If venues can reschedule concerts, hosts can reschedule your presentation. Even in this class – it might be worth waiting an extra day to hit the record button, to make sure the germs are gone! Make no mistake – I’m certainly not advocating that you not research new things, or explore new topics or investigate new puzzles. I’m simply saying – I want you to put yourselves in a position to succeed! Nonverbal Communication, Part II While the study of nonverbal behavior dates back to the late 19th century,  there’s one thing that we don’t need experimentation to prove: that nonverbal behavior is a real entity that influences interpretation, meaning and communication in general. As we discussed last week, the physicality of nonverbal behavior extends from our eyebrows down to our leg stance, and includes everything in between. But what do we get when verbal and nonverbal communication mesh? There are six ways in which verbal and nonverbal communication can interact: complementary, substitution, confliction, repetition, regulation, and moderating. †¢Complementary: Messages are interpreted more accurately when verbal and nonverbal communications complement each other. Messages are remembered better when there is no chance for misinterpreting. A smile that accompanies a positive statement, a wink that accompanies a congratulatory remark, a thumbs up that accompanies an approval – all are forms of complementary nonverbal gestures. †¢Substitution: Messages can be replaced entirely by facial expressions, body movements or gesturing, or positioning. Waving hello or goodbye replaces the spoken salutations. A slouching student can indicate disinterest or exhaustion, without the student saying as much. Raised eyebrows can indicate surprise or shock, without uttering a single syllable. †¢Confliction: Messages can be misinterpreted, misconstrued or even misleading if nonverbal cues indicate one thing, and the verbal cues indicate another. Someone on trial may be expressing a truthful statement, while avoiding eye contact or fidgeting – an indication that s/he may not be telling the truth. You are probably familiar with the clichà ©: â€Å"mixed signals.† This could serve as nickname for confliction. †¢Repetition: Messages can be repeated and reinforced simply through gesturing, for emphasis. An instructor may announce a particular topic, then point to it on a smart board, for example. †¢Regulation: Messages can be regulated through physical touches that cause no bodily harm or threat, but merely call attention. For example, if two people are speaking and a third person touches the arm of one, that clearly means that s/he wants the attention of one of the participants. Raising your hand in class when you have a response is another form of regulation. †¢Moderating: Messages can be emphasized, highlighted or even dramatically  altered with moderating gestures. Someone angry might shake a fist or experience a changed pace of breathing. Someone nervous might pace. Someone excited might fidget or rock in a chair. How Can You Create a ‘Great’ Persuasive Speech? As we get closer to delivering the final Persuasive Speech, I want to offer you a few tips to keep in mind as you make your final preparations! †¢Support your claims with solid evidence.   If you are hoping to put an end to something like the global greenhouse crisis, prove that such a crisis exists first. The funny thing about evidence is: more doesn’t always mean better. Think quality, not quantity. †¢Give your audience a way to help. Assert your stance and call for action. Propose a solution or a way for the audience to get involved. Audience members are often asking: â€Å"What can I do to help?† Don’t leave them wondering. †¢Make sure what you’re asking of the audience is reasonable. â€Å"We need to switch to all-organic diets and never drink non-filtered water again!† That’s probably a bit far-fetched, and highly unlikely that you’ll be taken seriously. †¢Expect and embrace controversy! Speak about a topic that emotionally impacts you and tell us why. You’ve chosen a topic some time ago, so make it clear why you’re so vested in this debate. †¢Honor the time limits.   The persuasive speech will be 8-10 minutes long. I have worked with some faculty who watch up to the maximum time, and grade how you’ve done to that point. So if your speech is 11 minutes long, this instructor would’ve missed the last minute! Be conscious of the clock. †¢Strive to challenge and change your audiences’ attitudes, values, and beliefs. You’re not going to convince everyone, but you can certainly ask your audience to hear you out and respect your opinion. Always be polite, courteous, and direct. †¢Nobody knows it all, and your information came from somewhere. So tell us where! This ties into the first point about supporting your claims with solid evidence. Cite your sources, give credit where it’s due, and your  credibility will benefit as a result. Additional Types of Public Speaking â€Å"Make sure you have finished speaking before your audience has finished listening.† — Dorothy Sarnoff, American musical theatre actress and self-help expert Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Award Presentations, Eulogy, and Roast. Award Presentations Award presentations are typically straightforward and simple. Unless the award or recognition is meant to be a surprise, always start with the awardee’s name (and always make sure you pronounce it correctly). Talk about the criterion for the award – why was the winner chosen? Who recommended him/her? List the achievements that made the winner worthy, and use vivid, powerful examples to illustrate why the winner is deserving of the recognition. Touch on the interpersonal side, too. What characteristics does the winner possess, that are admirable and commendable? Point them out. Usually there’s a trophy, plaque or certificate involved in an award presentation, so make sure you explain the significance of the item the winner is receiving. And one last bit of advice: when the winner comes to the stage to receive the award, hand it to him/her with the left hand, so that you can shake with the right! Eulogy Without question, eulogies can be the most painful and emotionally drawing speech there is. But it can also be uplifting. Eulogies offer hope – they combat grief with happiness and emphasize the positive qualities of the person who has died. Eulogies are commonly linked to religious figures, but  that’s not always the case. Sometimes family members or close friends of the deceased speak on his/her behalf, as the orator is required to offer perspective, comfort and reassurance to in attendance. When delivering a eulogy, it’s critical to acknowledge the feelings of loss, sadness, shock, even anger – but touch on them, don’t linger. Try to stay on brighter notes, and recall positive memories and recollections that others might not have experienced. Highlight the person’s legacy and their contributions to those around them. Use language of inclusion – things like â€Å"I know that many of us have seen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"All of us who cared for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Tie concepts of life and death together with universalities like the circle of life or the immortality of the human spirit. Roast Roasts are most commonly known for their comedic value, as has been demonstrated on various celebrity roasts on the television channel, Comedy Central. These speech engagements are meant to be light-hearted and poke fun at a suspecting target – but it’s not spiteful or angered. It’s a teasing, satirical style that parodies a person’s life, lifestyle, occupations, habits, history, etc. Anything goes in a roast – and the irony is that it teases with the truth. Roasts are an art that has evolved into a vastly different engagement that it was a few short decades ago. It’s best illustrated by showing, rather than telling. Consider: Ronald Reagan’s roast of Frank Sinatra in 1977: I chose question B. I felt she was very energetic and did an excellent job using gestures and adjusting her vocal tone and pace to keep your attention.  She put in some of her own humor which always keeps the crowd interested. I also feel she did a great job with her eye contact. She didn’t stay focused on one area of the room for too long. Overall she had a great speech and it showed that she does this often. Wonderful self confidence and presentation.

Banana Oil Lab Report Essays

Banana Oil Lab Report Essays Banana Oil Lab Report Paper Banana Oil Lab Report Paper Once all the needed chemicals were added we waited for about 70-minutes for the reaction to take place. The desired temperature for the reaction was ICC. We also had the solution at a constant stir. After the reaction was done taking place, we began to purification process. We used a pipette to remove the excess water and impurities that were underneath the banana oil. We removed all that was available and then began to add sodium carbonate to help wash and dry the mixture. Slowly shaking the banana oil inside the ml side to side, allowing CO to escape the ml vial. We did this twice aging sure all the excess impurities were removed. As we had our final solution of banana oil, we used the I. R. Spectra to conclude our results. The I. R. Spectra showed us that the compound we produced had no peak at comic-1. The banana oil peaked at roughly comic-1. We concluded from these results that all the alcohol was extracted and the final product was banana oil. Purpose The purpose of our lab was to reflux an isopleths alcohol with carboxylic acid (acetic acid), adding three drops of sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce an ester (isopleths acetate) and water. We verified our answers using infrared spectroscopy. Calculations for Percent Yield To find the percent yield we had to first find moles of our limiting reagent. 1) Weight of ml vial + cap =28. Egg 2) Weight of ml vial + cap +1. Ml of isopleths alcohol= 28. Egg 3) Weight of ml vial + cap + 1. Ml of isopleths alcohol + 1. Ml acetic acid= 30. Egg First we calculated the difference of the 1 and 2 (2-1= difference)= 0. Egg. Then, we found the difference of 1 and 3, =1. Egg. Using the molecular weight of the molecules of isopleths alcohol and acetic acid we found the moles of each molecule. For isopleths alcohol we calculated, (0. Egg/1) / (88. G/mom=). 0083 moles of isopleths alcohol. The moles for acetic acid were calculated at 0. 0255 mol= (1. Egg/1) / (60. G/mol). Once we found that isopleths alcohol was the limiting reagent, we found how many grams of banana oil were possible to produce. This number came out to be, (O,moll) x 1. 08066g= theoretical yield. Our final product (actual yield) we produce 0. 41 egg of banana oil. We then took this number to find our percent yield, x 100= 38. 2% Purification Process For the purification process we needed to rid the solution of any excess Heimlich besides the banana oil. To do this, we needed to understand a little about what makes a solution. Two factors that affect the ability of a solution to form are: 1) the natural tendency of substances to mix and spread into larger volumes when not restrained in some way 2) the types of intermolecular forces in the solution. In the case of the alcohol and the carbonyl acid, the two molecules reacted to form isopleths acetate and water. All of the isopleths alcohol was reacted with acetic acid and due to the solubility between the two molecules we were able to extract the water and acetic acid. This was done using a pipette to remove the bottom layer of the solution and it was possible because the alcohol was not soluble in the water. The second extraction required the use of one ml of sodium carbonate to wash the mixture by slowly shaking it until the bubbling stopped. We then removed the cap to allow the release of carbon dioxide out of the mixture, this was done two times. Finally, we began drying the mixture with sodium sulfate. Results from Infrared Spectroscopy After completing the washing a drying of our mixture, we then took our final product to be tested using infrared spectroscopy. Only items needed for this was the I. R. Spectra, a pipette, and a computer. We placed a drop on the eye of the spectrograph and waiting for our results. We noticed from our finding that at comic-1 our mixture had no peak. This meant that we successfully removed all the excess alcohol from our mixture. Furthermore, we notice a distinct peak at 1750 CM-l . This confirmed that we in fact had banana oil as our final product. Conclusion In this experiment we ended up with a percent yield of 38. 2%. The reasons for a lower percent yield could be attributed to factor not all isopleths alcohol reacting ND extracting some of the product out with the excess water. The isopleths alcohol is a hydrophobic molecule with a hydrophilic head end. This allows the molecule to react with the carboxylic acid which is a hydrophilic molecule. We know this by the bonds associated with both molecules. The alcohol is a non polar By using the IR. Spectra, we first noticed that there was no peak at comic-1. This is significant because if there was any excess alcohol within the mixture we would see a peak. At 1739. CACM-1, we see a noticeable peak showing us that for our final product we did in fact have banana oil.

Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature

Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature If you think (and secretly hope) that reading some novels and poems will be enough to pass the test on IGCSE or GCSE equivalent qualifications in English literature, we have to disappoint you – no, it won’t. This certificate proves that you are a holder of a certain number of skills applicable not only in the sphere of English literature but in everyday life. Let’s find out what those skills are and what they mean. So, to be fully prepared for the IGCSE or GCSE in English literature, you need to be able to: Re-Tell the Narrative or Story This is the basic skill that presupposes you are recalling and narrating the story without difficulties. Summarize You have to be capable of naming the main points of the novel or short story. It is a basic but challenging task because, if you get an assignment to write an essay-summary, sticking purely to summing up will not earn you a good grade. Tell the Story in Your Own Words Paraphrasing is the ability that is necessary not only on the English literature exam (being sometimes even harmful if abused) but in business correspondence, writing, communication, etc. Spot the Best Evidence to Support Your Argument If you don’t enforce your point with an example or important detail from the analyzed text, it will not be counted as a fully-featured argument. The examiner will call it an unsubstantiated assertion and take away some scores. Tell apart the Viewpoints Train to understand the difference of viewpoints of various characters from literature works. Determine and Analyse the Theme What is main characters motivation to behave like this, and not the other way around? What is the main theme? As long as you can detect these two things, you are on the safe side. Speak up Regarding the Plot and Analyse It What do you usually understand after reading a piece of literature writing? How do the events influence the characters’ fates? How does the author build up a plot and does it matter when it comes to the final result? Identify and Discuss the Writer’s Methods Used in Literature Works Try to find out on your own how the author so brightly depicts the scene: is it the language? Or maybe rhetoric devices? Make sure you interpret the methods correctly. Read between the Lines It is very important to be able to dig deeper and make sense of what you find there. You must connect the dots and analyse those connections. Give Your Opinion Learn to form your own, original viewpoint on the basis of what you have read because during the exam you’ll have to state it as well as support it with quotes or relevant material. Pheeeww †¦ That’s quite a list. That’s what they teach you to do during training courses because such kind of skills you can’t just read about and acquire. You have to gain them in practice. So, try hard because English literature GCSE is not the easiest subject to pass (if there is such at all).

Faith, Reason and the University Memories and Reflections Essay

Faith, Reason and the University Memories and Reflections - Essay Example Christians are called upon to embrace the need of celebrating the achievements which have been brought through modernity by securing such achievements in grounding them to become more coherent and comprehensive through the understanding of human rationality. The lecture is not only brilliant and breathtaking but also very intelligible to some of the ordinary minds. This all not only addresses the heart of modernism but also to the Islamic societies and communities. Not acting in accordance with reason is deemed contrary to the nature of God and this is central to the Christianity as emphasized by Benedict XVI. God’s transcendence is not precluded by the openness of some of the divine concepts to examination by form of reason as illustrated by the early Christian rapprochement between the Greek inquiry and biblical faith. The expedition for reason over against myth is in existence as a dynamic in the two traditions as well as being accompanied by the various forms of enlightenment in each. During the late middle ages, the church brought about and reaffirmed the real analogy which existed between man and God. This was contrary to some of the arguments that it is only reason which can be taken as a reliable way of knowing God’s will, albeit that the Unlikeness of God is infinitely greater than his likeness. The de-hellenization of Christianity is continually highlighted by Benedict all through the modern age by the use of a long process using three stages. The first stage occurs in the reformation with the emphasis on sola scriptura which is followed by the liberal theology which occurs in the 19th century having its basis on the modern self-limitation of reason as Kant expresses and radicalized by the influence and impact of natural sciences. Benedict delves into the irony that even though the sciences explain the rational structure of matter, this total dependence on the prestige brought about by the scientific